Brain Development, Drugs and Disease Edexcel A

Jacobs(2004 online) is nothappy that the Mini Mental Status Examination addresses frontal function, andsuggests a “Maxi Mental” test to go with it. Andersonand Pentland (1998) warn of residual attentional deficits following childhoodCHI. They found that head-injured adolescents “exhibited deficits on awide range of summary variables extracted from attention tasks” (p283). Despitethese early developments, not every clinician found the available tests useful.For example, Hebb and Penfield (1940) reported their examination of patient KM,a 27-year-old right-handed male who had suffered a depressed fracture of thefrontal bone in a workplace accident in 1928.

For the past ten years, I’ve been trying to answer questions about the cerebellum that my father posed to me before his death in 2007. ” moment—in which you wrestle to find an analytic solution, but then have an intuitive flash of insight that provides a correct answer—is an example of fluid intelligence. On the other hand, crystallized intelligence is the strict analytic ability to utilize skills, knowledge, and experience to answer questions. JonathanEvans (MRC, Cambridge)addressed the question whether executive dysfunction could actually be restoredor retrained.

Without a list of the individual needs and difficulties, this term has extremely limited value.See Developmental Delay, below. As humans migrated to different environments, new challenges emerged that required advanced cognitive abilities. Early humans faced shifting climates, changes in vegetation, and new predators. The ability to adapt to these environments required not just physical changes, but also mental ones.

In what century did psychiatry become established as a distinct medical field? …

This means that fewer action potentials will reach the effector (the muscle or the gland) which carries out the response. Things like learning to ride a bike or the movement involved in writing will involve a large input from the cerebellum. Neurological ImpairmentThis is a broad term used to mean difficulties are due to a brain disorder. It may be a child or adult.Please take a few minutes to read our short Introduction page about labels.

In our experience it can also sometimes be a way of seeing more when the area of vision seen (field of vision) is very narrow. Neurological Visual ImpairmentSome use this as an alternative to cerebral visual impairment, because the cerebrum is not the only part of the brain that is responsible for the visual difficulties that come under the current CVI umbrella. It is all part of the evolution of the labels around this condition that we explained in our introduction, and is a good sign that we are still learning and expanding our knowledge base and understanding. Mental Health ConditionsIt is not surprising that a condition like CVI that can affect social relationships, learning, behaviour and development, can lead to mental health conditions, and we know many people with CVI who have been affected by Depression. Understanding how impaired vision has caused difficulties can be very empowering, and a pathway to help and recovery can be developed, matching strategies to the known difficulties CVI creates.

• However, where the TOH discsare the same colour but different sizes, the TOL beads are the same size, butdifferent colours.
• When we are born, our brains contain a load of neurones which begin to form connections (synapses) or are removed, making the brain more organised and allowing our visual system to develop.
• FMRI scans are also used in medical diagnosis since they show damaged and diseased parts of the brain.
• Following a review ofthe literature on hemispheric differences, Goldberg, Podell, and Lovell (1994)have suggested the following principle of hemispheric specialisation …..
• From Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) at Harvard Medical School has a theory that the cerebellum might fine-tune thoughts and ideas much the same way it fine-tunes muscle movements.
• Over time, the skull became rounder, allowing for a larger braincase while still offering maximum protection.

What is a true statement about ‘working memory’? …

This had left him subject topost-traumatic epilepsy, and in 1938 it was decided to operate to remove theirritant intracranial scar tissue which was causing his fits. The resultingpartial bilateral frontal lobotomy removed “one third of the mass of thefrontal lobes” (p427) approximately the white stippled area in Figure 3.Here are some observations from the subsequent case notes ….. At CVI Scotland we are devoted to helping people understand cerebral visual impairments, and together working towards developing the understanding of this complex condition. Intellectual DisabilityIntellectual Disability was previously called Mental Retardation.

This,of course, was classic encephalisation restated, but Bianchi was then moreprecise in 1922, when he summarised the animal studies as showing five areasof frontal deficit, as follows ….. Genetically-modified animals are produced by injecting the gene for the protein (which will act as the drug) into the nucleus of a fertilised animal egg cell. This is then implanted into an adult animal and as the animal develops, every cell will contain the drug-producing gene.

Sensory Processing DisorderPreviously called Sensory Integration Dysfunction, and relates to a wide range of difficulties linked to the senses. The range of difficulties is vast, as everything we experience is through the senses, so potentially anything that is difficult could be understood in terms of a sensory processing disorder. As is it not a diagnosable medical condition, there is no consensus as to the criteria, symptoms or definition.

Crystallized intelligence is demonstrated largely through your vocabulary and other types of explicit knowledge that you could memorize for a standardized test. Very crudely, fast reaction times imply higher intelligence, slow reaction times cerebrumiq lower intelligence, and average reaction times average intelligence. I also want to find out how our ever-changing world could be affecting our cognitive function. Over the last few decades the internet, smart phones and social media have utterly transformed the way we absorb information and interact with one another. In The Great British Intelligence Test we’ll be able to take a look at how this explosion of technology could be affecting our brains and what it might mean for our intelligence – both now and in the future.

Asfar as the generally “disinhibited” orbitofrontal patients areconcerned, Varney and Menefee (1993) report the practical problems ….. Turningfirstly to the problems of paediatric management, Tranel, Anderson, and Benton(1994) remind us of the normal developmental sequence ….. Ourown views on the brain as an instance of a modular real-time control system areset out in Sections 3.7 and 3.8 of our e-paper on”Short-Term Memory Subtypes in Computing and Artificial Intelligence”(Part 6). Damasio, Head of Neurology at the University of Iowa School of Medicine hasrecently (Damasio, 2002) turned his high tech brain scanners onto the problemof episodic memory glossary.He invokes the concept of the “time stamp” to differentiateepisodic from semantic memory content, thus ….. Depression is a mood disorder which is thought to be caused, in part, by a lack of serotonin in the brain.